H4rdr4d4 Media - Biology

  Astaxanthin and some of its uses         Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with the chemical name 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-diketo-β-β carotene that has the molecular formula C40H52O4 with a molar mass of 594.84g, and presents two asymmetric carbons located at the 3′ and 3′ β-ionone ring. Astaxanthin (ASTX) is a xanthophyll (oxygen-containing carotenoids) (Hyperreactio luteinalis (synonym: theca lutein cysts) refers to multilocular cystic ovarian mass commonly seen in patients with high HCG stimulation, such as in molar pregnancy, choriocarcinoma, or multiple gestations) carotenoid which is abundant in marine animals, such as salmon and shrimp. ASTX has a remarkable antifibrogenic effect and a potential to prevent the activation of quiescent HSCs(Hepatic Stellate Cells) as well as the reversion of activated HSCs to a quiescent state. ASTX reduces collagen accumulation with a concomitant decrease in the expression of fibrogenic genes in the liver. Astaxanthin (ATX) protect...

  Lutein and some of its uses         Lutein, a very useful thing for human biology is; lutein is an unsaturated polyenic hydrocarbons, which composed of eight isoprene residues forming the carbon chain with 40 carbon atoms and two hydroxyl groups in β-ion rings is. Lutein belongs to the group of carotenoids along with beta-carotene and lycopene. While the beta-carotene accumulates in the skin to provide a golden-yellow color, lutein accumulates preferentially in the macula lutea, protecting the retina from oxidative damage from UVR. Lutein and zeaxanthin, structural isomers, are non-provitamin A carotenoids that are measurable in human blood and tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have been identified as the xanthophylls that constitute the macular pigment of the human retina. The relative concentration of lutein to zeaxanthin in the macula is distinctive. Zeaxanthin is more centralized and lutein predominates toward the outer area of the macula. It has anti-inflamm...

Microalgae and some of their uses         Microalgae refer to a large group of fast-growing unicellular or simple multicellar microorganisms that use photosynthesis to transform CO2 and sunlight into biomass with oxygen and water vapor as byproducts. Microalgae cells in general have a high content of lipids and can be the sustainable source of microalgae oil. To pursue new and high-value applications of microalgae oil will be beneficial to the microalgae industry.Three fabrication methods are adopted, and the formation of vesicles/carriers or nanoemulsions from microalgae oil is confirmed. By using a mechanical dispersion method, vesicles with well controlled sizes and high physical stability can be fabricated from microalgae oil. The applicability of the fabrication method is revealed by using microalgae oils with different fatty acid compositions as the raw materials. Encapsulation ability of the microalgae oil-based vesicles is then demonstrated by using lutein, w...

  Cyanobacteria and their uses          Cyanobacteria are microscopic microorganisms, unicellular or multicellular oxygenic photoautotrophs, and Gram-negative prokaryotes, widespread in terrestrial or aquatic environment and mostly occur in fresh water and marine environment. Cyanobacteria constitute a phylogenetically coherent group of evolutionarily ancient, morphologically diverse, and ecologically important phototrophic bacteria, claims Science Direct. Classification of cyanobacteria proposed in 1985, in which four orders of the bacteria have been identified as Chroococcales, Nostocales, Oscillatoriales and Stigonematales, and their phyla are  Chroococcales ,  Gloeobacterales , and  Pleurocapsales, allegedly, claims an article from Science Direct . They are defined by their ability to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis (water-oxidizing, oxygen-evolving, plant-like photosynthesis). With few exceptions, they synthesize chlorophyll  a ...